If your dog is experiencing difficulty or discomfort when urinating and is constantly licking their urinary opening, it could be a sign of a urinary tract infection (UTI). UTIs caused by bacteria are quite common in dogs, affecting about 14% of the canine population during their lifetime. Female dogs are more susceptible to UTIs than males.
While uncomplicated UTIs are typically easy to treat, recurrent or severe infections can be more challenging. Additionally, if a female dog has a condition called a recessed vulva, they may be more prone to frequent UTIs.
What Is a Recessed Vulva in Dogs?
A recessed vulva, also referred to as a hooded, hypoplastic, juvenile, or inverted vulva, is a condition that affects some female dogs. The vulva is the external part of the reproductive system, composed of two folds of tissue (labia) that create a cone-shaped opening. Normally, the vulva is clearly visible between the hind legs, and the vaginal opening and urethra are located within it.
However, in dogs with a recessed vulva, the area is sunken or partially obscured by excess skin known as perivalvar skin folds. Depending on the severity of the condition, a recessed vulva can lead to infection, irritation, and other health issues.
What Causes a Recessed Vulva in Dogs?
A recessed vulva can occur in any adult dog, regardless of breed. However, Dr. Theresa Beachler, assistant professor of theriogenology at Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, notes that this condition is more commonly seen in obese dogs, especially those from medium to giant breeds.
“Overweight dogs are more at risk for having a recessed vulva,” Dr. Beachler explains, “as they have excess skin and surrounding tissue that exacerbates the problem.” While studies have not definitively proven a genetic link to the condition, the presence of excess skin seems to play a role in the development of recessed vulvas.
What Are the Signs of Recessed Vulvas in Dogs?
Dr. Dale E. Bjorling, professor emeritus in the Department of Surgical Sciences at the School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, points out that many dogs with recessed vulvas never experience any problems. However, when issues do arise, they are typically related to inflammation and bacterial infection.
“Common symptoms include redness of the surrounding skin, increased discharge, or foul odor, especially in cases of dermatitis (skin infection) or vaginitis (infection and inflammation of the vagina),” Dr. Beachler explains. “Dogs with a recessed vulva may lick the area frequently or drag their hind end on the ground due to discomfort.”
Dr. Bjorling adds that the affected area may appear dark or “dirty” due to the moist dermatitis, which serves as a breeding ground for bacteria. Secondary recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common because the bacteria can travel up the vagina and into the urinary tract.
Other signs of secondary UTIs in dogs with a recessed vulva may include:
- Increased frequency of urination, with possible accidents in the house
- Straining to urinate
- Dribbling urine
- Whimpering or vocalizing when urinating
- Foul-smelling urine or vaginal areas
- Blood in the urine
- Fever
How Is a Recessed Vulva in Dogs Diagnosed?
A recessed vulva can be easily identified by your veterinarian during a physical examination of the genital area. However, if your vet suspects a urinary tract infection (UTI), they may recommend a urinalysis. This test involves collecting a urine sample from your dog to check for abnormalities such as bacteria, white blood cells, or crystals. Additionally, your vet may suggest conducting skin tests to detect any active infections around the vulva.
What Are the Treatment Options for Recessed Vulvas in Dogs?
Not every dog with a recessed vulva requires treatment. When treatment is necessary, it may involve either topical care or surgical correction, depending on the severity and symptoms.
Dr. Bjorling explains that local treatment for dermatitis involves daily cleaning with a mild soap. It’s crucial to thoroughly dry the area after washing. If the treatment works, your dog should stop licking or scratching the affected area as much. Your veterinarian may also suggest a topical ointment, possibly containing a steroid, to alleviate inflammation.
In more severe cases, a surgical procedure called vulvoplasty or episioplasty may be considered. This surgery involves removing the excess skin around the vulva, but it is typically only recommended if topical treatments do not resolve severe dermatitis or if recurring UTIs are resistant to antibiotics. Dr. Bjorling explains that recurrent UTIs can lead to antibiotic resistance, and there’s a risk that the infection could migrate to the kidneys.
A vulvoplasty is a relatively straightforward procedure and generally yields positive results. However, Dr. Bjorling cautions that the surgery requires precision, as removing too much skin could cause complications, especially in heavily muscled dogs, such as Mastiffs.
Before surgery, your veterinarian will likely prescribe antibiotics to clear any existing bacterial infections and promote healing. After surgery, your dog may need additional antibiotic therapy to treat any lingering UTIs. With post-operative care, including restricted exercise and rest, your dog should recover within a couple of weeks and return to their normal activities.
Will Weight Loss Correct Recessed Vulvas in Dogs?
While any female dog can develop a recessed vulva, overweight dogs are at a higher risk, and obesity tends to exacerbate the condition. Consult with your vet about how to safely help your overweight dog lose weight and improve their overall health.
Dr. Beachler notes that a weight loss program may help reduce the severity of a recessed vulva and provide other health benefits. However, she also explains, “It may not completely cure the condition or correct the underlying anatomical issues with your dog’s vulva.”