Lymphedema is a condition where fluid builds up between cells, causing swelling. Depending on the cause and severity, it can be mild or potentially fatal. Here's what you need to know about lymphedema in dogs, including its causes, symptoms, and treatment options.
What Is Lymphedema in Dogs?
The lymphatic system works alongside the circulatory system but instead of blood, it pumps lymph—a clear fluid essential for immunity, waste removal from cells, and replenishing blood fluid. Lymph carries oxygen and nutrients to cells, removes waste, and also helps drain excess fluid that the capillaries couldn’t reabsorb.
Lymphedema occurs when something prevents the lymph from flowing into the lymphatic capillaries, causing it to accumulate around cells, leading to swelling. Gravity pushes the fluid to lower parts of the body, such as the legs or the torso. This condition causes swelling and discomfort, which is called lymphedema.
What Causes Lymphedema?
Lymphedema can be classified as primary or secondary.
- Primary lymphedema is a genetic condition where a dog is born with a poorly functioning lymphatic system. This form is hereditary and can be passed down as a dominant trait. Some breeds, like Bulldogs, Poodles, and Old English Sheepdogs, may be more prone to it.
- Secondary lymphedema occurs when an injury, surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy disrupts the lymphatic system. Lymph nodes may be removed or damaged during cancer treatment or trauma. Lymph node cancer can also contribute to the condition.
Lymphedema in dogs is more often secondary, as opposed to the rare primary type. CKC (Canadian Kennel Club) veterinarians, such as Dr. Jerry Klein, note that primary lymphedema is not frequently seen in practice.
What Are the Signs of Lymphedema?
In dogs with primary lymphedema (PLE), symptoms usually appear early, within a few days or months of life. Swelling in the hind legs is most common, though it can also affect other parts of the body. Secondary lymphedema, caused by injury or surgery, typically shows swelling in areas far from the torso, like the legs.
Early signs of lymphedema include soft, mushy swelling that feels like a partially inflated water balloon. Pressing on the swelling leaves a depression that remains for a few seconds. As it progresses, the skin becomes tighter and no longer "pits" when pressed. While lymphedema itself is not painful, it can lead to discomfort and lameness as the skin stretches.
How Is Lymphedema Diagnosed?
If you suspect your dog has lymphedema, it's important to visit a veterinarian. They may use blood tests to rule out other conditions, such as infection or trauma. X-rays or ultrasounds can help identify any underlying problems. If your veterinarian suspects lymphedema, they may recommend a lymphangiography, where a contrast substance is injected to track the lymph flow and determine if it’s blocked.
What Is the Prognosis for Lymphedema?
The prognosis depends on the severity, whether the condition is primary or secondary, and whether it’s acute or chronic. Primary lymphedema in puppies is often severe, leading to a poor quality of life and a shortened lifespan. In secondary lymphedema, if caught early and managed properly, dogs can live with the condition for a longer time.
Lymphedema can lead to skin and tissue infections because lymph fluid is rich in protein, which provides a breeding ground for bacteria. Regular inspection and care to prevent infection are crucial.
How Is Lymphedema Treated?
While there’s no cure for lymphedema, treatment can help manage the condition and slow its progression.
- Caring for Affected Tissues: Keep the swollen area clean to avoid infection, and apply antibacterial ointments to cuts or scrapes. Regular mild exercise can help lymphatic drainage, but avoid overly vigorous activities.
- Compression Therapy: Compression bandages, such as Robert-Jones bandages, can help reduce swelling by applying pressure to the affected area. These should be applied under veterinary supervision to avoid complications.
- Medication: While diuretics and steroids are not recommended, your vet may prescribe antibiotics if an infection is detected. There’s currently no effective medication specifically for canine lymphedema, though promising research on other treatments is underway.
- Diet and Lifestyle Changes: Weight management is key, as obesity can worsen lymphedema. A low-sodium diet may help reduce fluid retention. Some studies in humans suggest supplements like selenium and hydroxytyrosol may benefit those with lymphedema.
- Surgery: Surgery is rarely used for lymphedema in dogs, except in cases where it is confined to one limb or a specific area. It may involve removing fibrous tissue or draining lymph fluid from an affected area, but this is typically a last resort.
Emerging Treatments
New techniques, like nanoparticle therapy and surgical methods to redirect lymph into veins, show promise in treating lymphedema. However, these treatments are still in the experimental stages and not yet available for dogs.
Where Can I Find Help for My Dog With Lymphedema?
Lymphedema in dogs requires specialized care, and finding a vet with experience in managing this condition may be challenging. Your local veterinarian or a veterinary school with a focus on surgery or internal medicine may offer valuable expertise.